Types of Cancer
1. Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer begins when healthy cells in the bladder lining—most commonly urothelial cells—change and grow out of control, forming a mass called a tumor. Urothelial cells also line the renal pelvis and ureters. Cancer that develops in the renal pelvis and ureters is also considered a type of urothelial cancer and is often called upper tract urothelial cancer. In most cases, it is treated in much the same way as bladder cancer and is described in this guide. A tumor can be cancerous or benign. A cancerous tumor is malignant, meaning it can grow and spread to other parts of the body. A benign tumor means the tumor can grow but will not spread. Benign bladder tumors are very rare.
Signs and symptoms
Blood or blood clots in the urine
Pain or burning sensation during urination
Frequent urination
Feeling the need to urinate many times throughout the night
Feeling the need to urinate, but not being able to pass urine
Lower back pain on 1 side of the body
Treatment
a. Surgery
- Transurethral bladder tumor resection ( TURBT
-Radical Cystectomy and lymph node disection
-Urinary diversion
b. Chemotherapy
-Intravesical chemotherapy
-Systemic chemotherapy
c. Immunotherapy
-Local therapy;- Bacillus Calmette-Guerin ( BCG)
-Systemic therapy;- Immune check point inhibitor
d.Targeted Therapy
- Erdafitini (Balversa drug )
e. Radiation Therapy
2. Breast cancer
Cancer begins when healthy cells in the breast change and grow out of control, forming a mass or sheet of cells called a tumor. A tumor can be cancerous or benign. A cancerous tumor is malignant, meaning it can grow and spread to other parts of the body. A benign tumor means the tumor can grow but will not spread.
Breast cancer spreads when the cancer grows into adjacent organs or other parts of the body or when breast cancer cells move to other parts of the body through the blood vessels and/or lymph vessels. This is called a metastasis.
This guide covers both non-invasive (stage 0) as well as early-stage and locally advanced invasive breast cancer, which includes stages I, II, and III. The stage of breast cancer describes how much the cancer has grown, and if or where it has spread.
Although breast cancer most commonly spreads to nearby lymph nodes, it can also spread further through the body to areas such as the bones, lungs, liver, and brain. This is called metastatic or stage IV breast cancer and is the most advanced type of breast cancer. However, the involvement of lymph nodes alone is generally not stage IV breast cancer.
Signs and symptoms
-A lump that feels like a hard knot or a thickening in the breast or under the arm. It is important to feel the same area in the other breast to make sure the change is not a part of healthy breast tissue in that area.
-Change in the size or shape of the breast
-Nipple discharge that occurs suddenly, is bloody, or occurs in only 1 breast
-Physical changes, such as a nipple turned inward or a sore located in the nipple area
-Skin irritation or changes, such as puckering, dimpling, scaliness, or new creases
-A warm, red, swollen breast with or without a rash with dimpling resembling the skin of an orange, called “peau d'orange”
-Pain in the breast, particularly breast pain that does not go away. Pain is not usually a symptom of breast cancer, but it should be reported to a doctor.
Treatment
a. Surgery
- Lumpectomy
- Mastectomy
b. Lymph node Removal and Analysis
-Lymph node biopsy
-Axillary Lymph node dissection
c. Radiation Therapy
-External beam - Radiation Therapy
-Brachytherapy
3. Kidney Cancer
Kidney cancer begins when healthy cells in 1 or both kidneys change and grow out of control, forming a mass called a renal cortical tumor. A tumor can be malignant, indolent, or benign. A malignant tumor is cancerous, meaning it can grow and spread to other parts of the body. An indolent tumor is also cancerous, but this type of tumor rarely spreads to other parts of the body. A benign tumor means the tumor can grow but will not spread.
Signs and Symptoms
-Blood in the urine
-Pain or pressure in the side or back
-A mass or lump in the side or back
-Swelling of the ankles and legs
-High blood pressure
-Anemia, which is a low red blood cell count
-Fatigue
-Loss of appetite
-Unexplained weight loss
Treatment
a. Surgery
- Radial nephrectomy
-Partial nephrectomy
b. Targeted Therapy
-Anti-angiogenesis therapy
c. Immunotherapy
-Alpha-interferon
d. Chemotherapy
e. Radiation Therapy
4. Lung Cancer
There are 2 main classifications of lung cancer: small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). These 2 types are treated differently. This guide contains information about NSCLC. Learn more about small cell lung cancer in a different guide. This website also offers a separate guide on neuroendocrine tumors of the lung.
NSCLC begins when healthy cells in the lung change and grow out of control, forming a mass called a tumor, a lesion, or a nodule. A lung tumor can begin anywhere in the lung. A tumor can be cancerous or benign. Once a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may shed cancer cells. These cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the fluid, called lymph, that surrounds lung tissue. Lymph flows through tubes called lymphatic vessels that drain into collecting stations called lymph nodes.
Lymph nodes are the small, bean-shaped organs that help fight infection. They are located in the lungs, the center of the chest, and elsewhere in the body. The natural flow of lymph out of the lungs is toward the center of the chest, which explains why lung cancer often spreads there first. When a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, it is called metastasis.
Signs and Symptoms
-Fatigue
-Cough
-Shortness of breath
-Chest pain, if a tumor spreads to the lining of the lung or other parts of the body near the lungs
-Loss of appetite
-Coughing up phlegm or mucus
-Coughing up blood
-Unintentional weight loss
-Hoarseness
Treatment
a. Surgery
-Lobectomy
- segmentectomy
-Pneumonectomy
b. Radiation Therapy
c. Chemotherapy
Carboplatin or cisplatin (both are available as generic drugs)
Docetaxel (Taxotere)
Gemcitabine (Gemzar)
Nab-paclitaxel (Abraxane)
Paclitaxel (Taxol)
Pemetrexed (Alimta)
Vinorelbine (Navelbine)
5. Thyroid Cancer
Thyroid cancer starts when healthy cells in the thyroid change and grow out of control, forming a mass called a tumor. The thyroid gland contains 2 types of cells:
Follicular cells. These cells are responsible for the production of thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormone is needed to live. The hormone controls the basic metabolism of the body. It controls how quickly calories are burned. This can affect weight loss and weight gain, slow down or speed up the heartbeat, raise or lower body temperature, influence how quickly food moves through the digestive tract, control the way muscles contract, and control how quickly dying cells are replaced.
C cells. These special cells of the thyroid make calcitonin, a hormone that participates in calcium metabolism
Signs and Symptoms
-A lump in the front of the neck, near the Adam's apple
-Hoarseness
-Swollen glands in the neck
-Difficulty swallowing
-Difficulty breathing
-Pain in the throat or neck
-A cough that persists and is not caused by a cold
Treatment
a. Surgery
- Total thyroidectomy
- Lobectomy
b. Hormone treatment
Thyroid hormone replacement is levothyroxine (Levothroid, Levoxyl, Synthroid, Tirosint, Unithroid)
c. Radiation Therapy
- Radioactive iodine therapy
- External beam - Radiation Therapy
d. Chemotherapy
e. Targeted Therapy
Above mentioned are some of the common cancers we encountered in our daily lives , I hope it was easier for you to understand . If not , then comment down where you didn't understand or directly message me via mail.
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Next time I will try to cover Tumor .
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